The Tideflats
This type of relationship between people and their surroundings can be explored through the lens of environmental psychology, which author Kathryn Hobbes describes as the exploration of “human interactions with, and relation to, the environment through predominantly cognitive perspectives. It aims… to understand how certain predetermined cognitive constructs (e.g. values, attitudes, intentions) correlate to our environment… and to comprehend how responsibility and intention to act” is effected by our surroundings.18
While maybe the most famous example of environmental psychology is Sampson and Raudenbush’s “broken window theory” from 2004, which argues that perceptions of urban disorder are heavily influenced by where a neighborhood is located in the city and its ethnic makeup, rather than the visual noise of economic depression.19 In contrast, this paper is examining elements of an environment that may never be perceived visually but still impact the people around it, possibly years or decades afterwards.
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While the City of Tacoma has had a Tideflats Subarea Project, to one day utilize the area for affordable housing and creating recreational spaces in development since 2013,20 the land was still eerily undeveloped and unpopulated when I first visited in 2022. When I walked to the Detention Center from downtown, aside from a burger and teriyaki restaurant and a community living on the shore of the Tideflats in cars and trailers, there were very few signs of life. The majority of buildings are sprawling, one or two story warehouses with no visible employees, creating expansive sight lines and a lack of tree cover which produced an agoraphobic effect. Experiencing the Tideflats in person and on foot made it difficult to comprehend how the area was once a real community.
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Exploring the Tacoma Northwest Room archives, I found an interview with Mabel Bunge, conducted as a part of the Bicentennial Oral History Project in the 1970s. The daughter of Scandinavians, Bunge’s father decided to move from the Tacoma mainland to the Puyallup River side of the Tideflats, where they lived on a simple houseboat.21 She attended the Garfield School, created by the St. Paul and Tacoma Lumber Co. in 1891 to teach the children of their mill workers, but open to all of the youth in the area.22
In addition to Nordic fishing settlements, the Tideflats also sustained a Japanese American community. In Lisa Hoffman and Mary Hanneman’s excellent Re-Mapping Tacoma’s Pre-War Japantown, the authors painstakingly reconstruct communities using an array of different oral history accounts from former residents. According to the 1910 census, there were at least 13,000 Japanese American immigrants living in Washington and some 2,500 of those residents were employed in Pacific Northwest sawmills.23
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The St. Paul and Tacoma Lumber Company incentivized immigrant labor due to the dangerous work conditions and insatiable demand for building materials during this period. The company provided newly arrived, unskilled workers with schools, boarding houses and customized cultural amenities on the Tideflats, essentially creating a company town just south of Tacoma’s urban center. The St. Paul and Tacoma Hotel had two buildings for housing employees, one for European workers and a Japanese Hotel on the opposite end of St. Paul avenue. Interviewee Clinton Butsuda described the building as:
“A dark red and white trimmed two story… boarding house with about 40 rooms for the bachelors,” and described “men engaged in Judo and fencing kendo with pads, masks, and bamboo swords on holidays and… weekends.”
Tideflats resident J.L. Sundquist recalled that after the Garfield school was shut down, he and his Japanese American schoolmates took a dark green streetcar with rattan seats that clattered up the 11th street bridge up to the Central School, located just north of where the main library is now. What Sunquist doesn’t mention is that the Garfield School was forced to close due to the “stench from a packing house in the vicinity.”25
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