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2. Tacoma Daily Ledger, January 16, 1905, 20. ↩

3. The Tacoma Daily Ledger, August 2, 1931, 9. ↩

4. The Argus (Moline, Illinois), October 13, 1978, 6. ↩

5. Chris McGann, “New Jail `A World of Difference’ - Officials Tout It for Space, Light, Medical Services,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 22, 2004. ↩

6. Kobrynich, Alexa. “‘No One Truly Knows a Nation Until One Has Been Inside Its Jails’: Why Immigration and Customs Enforcement Should Adopt a Broad Case Management System and Phase Out the Use of Detention Facilities.” Public Contract Law Journal 53, no. 3 (2024): 711–36. ↩

7. Burkhardt, Brett C. “From Private Prisons to Private Detention: Visualizing the Business of Immigration Enforcement.” Socius 10 (2024). ↩

8. Ibid. ↩

9. Kobrynich, “No One Truly Knows,” 711–36. ↩

10. Gardner, Trevor George. “Immigrant Sanctuary as the Old Normal?: A Brief History of Police Federalism.” Columbia Law Review 119, no. 1 (2019): 1–84. ↩

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14. “Detention Center Discord - Opening Ceremony,” The News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), April 8, 2004, B01. ↩

15. Lauren-Brooke Eisen, Inside Private Prisons (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 137–68. ↩

16. “Conditions at the Northwest Detention Center,” Center for Human Rights (blog), July 28, 2022. ↩

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31. “Carstens Meats Shuts Down Operations.” Daily Journal of Commerce, October 5, 1990. ↩

32. Allen, “Carstens Packing Plant.” ↩

33. Crawford, “Tacoma’s Carstens Meats.” ↩

34. “Carstens Meats Shuts Down Operations.” ↩

35. “Carstens Meat Plant Fire,” Tacoma News Tribune, July 24, 1924. ↩

36. Allen, “Carstens Packing Plant.” ↩

37. “Carstens Meat Plant Fire.” ↩

38. “Tacoma’s Carstens Meats Closing.” ↩

39. “Carstens Meats Shuts Down Operations.” ↩

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